NIEH BUAT LOE,,,,, IDOT RASA CUKUP BUAT BASIC ENGLISHNYA,,,,WALAUPUN BANYAK KETERANGAN YANG CUKUP MEMBINGUNGKAN,,,,TAPI IDOT KIRA MASIH DAPAT DI MENGERTI,,,, KALO ADA KELUHAN NGMG JAWWWWWH......!

O YA SEMUANYA ADA LUMAYAN LENGKAP. KLO ADA MATERI YANG BELUM TERCANTUM NGMG JA.... KLO DI KOPI SEMUANYA ADA SEKITAR 49 PAGE..... THANKS

1. Basic English Sentence Structures

2. Kata Benda: Kata Sandang, Bentuk Jamak dan Atribut Kepemilikan

Basic English Sentence Structures

Introduction and Notation

This manual provides an overview of common English sentence structures. The manual differs from traditional books on English grammar by providing formal descriptions that will enable a student of English to generate correctly formed sentences easily. Persons studying English as a second language (ESL) or those who would like to use English language interfaces in computer-based applications will find this approach particularly useful because it avoids the ambiguities encountered in traditional English grammars. The description uses the notation below.

English grammar rules, free grammar lessons, grammar news, and daily English usage tips.

<noun>	Items in carets "< >" are variables which represent a class of words or other variables. The variable <noun> could represent the words "Mary", "car", <proper noun>, etc.
"string"	Items in quotes represent the word itself.
=	The equal sign "=" is interpreted as consists of. For example, <X> = <Y> <Z> means that X consists of Y immediately followed by Z.
X \| Y	Items separated by a vertical bar "\|" represent mutually exclusive choices. Choose either X or Y.
(X \| Y)	Parentheses "(" and ")" are used to group variables or strings to avoid ambiguity. For example, C (D \| E) (F \| G) means that only the following strings are valid: CDF, CDG, CEF, and CEG.
[X]	Items in brackets are optional. X may or may not be chosen. For example, [X[Y]]Z means that only Z, XZ, and XYZ are valid strings.
*	An asterisk "" means that a variable may be repeated zero or more times. X <B> represents X, XB, XBB, XBBB, etc.

Basic English Sentence Structures

Sentence Types

English has four main sentence types:

1. Declarative Sentences are used to form statements.
Examples: "Mary is here.", "My name is Mary."

2. Interrogative Sentences are used to ask questions.
Examples: "Where is Mary?", "What is your name?"

3. Imperative Sentences are used for commands.
Examples: "Come here.", "Tell me your name."

4. Conditional Sentences are used to indicate dependencies between events or conditions.
Example: "If you cut all the trees, there will be no forest."

It is not polite to use imperative sentences without the word "Please". It is better to say "Please, come here." than just "Come here." The simplest English sentences are imperative sentences with a single verb (Example: "Help!").

Sentences may be simple or compound. Compound sentences consist of two or more simple sentences joined by conjunctions.

Examples:
"Come here and sit down.",
"My name is Mary and I live in New York.",
"What is your name and where do you live?",
"Either John will go to New York or Mary will come here."

It is not correct to combine different sentence types in a compound sentence.
Wrong: "Mary lives in New York and come here."

<English Sentence> =
       <Simple Sentence> |
       <Compound Sentence>

<Simple Sentence> =
       <Declarative Sentence> |
       <Interrogative Sentence> |
       <Imperative Sentence> |
       <Conditional Sentence>

<Compound Sentence> =
       <Simple Sentence> <conjunction> <Simple Sentence> |
       "Either" <Declarative Sentence> "or" <Declarative Sentence> |
       "Either" <Imperative Sentence> "or" <Imperative Sentence>

Basic English Sentence Structures: Parts of speech

Sentences are formed from words that belong to different categories depending on their function. The word "fire", for example, can be a noun or a verb depending on its usage.
Noun: "The fire burned the building."
Verb: "Fire the gun."

ADJECTIVE - modifies a noun.

Examples: yellow, pretty, useful

Adjectives have three degrees: Positive, Comparative, and Superlative.
Example: old, older, oldest

ARTICLE - specifies whether the noun is specific or a member of a class. The definite article "the" refers to specific objects. The indefinite articles "a", and "an" refer to an unspecified member of a class. The article "a" is used before a word starting with a consonant sound and "an" is used before a word starting with a vowel sound.
Examples: a, an, the

ADVERB - modifies a verb or an adjective. Many adverbs have the suffix -ly.
Examples: very, extremely, carefully

CONJUNCTION - joins components of a sentence or phrase. Coordinating conjunctions join clauses which are equally important. A subordinating conjunction joins a dependent clause to a main clause. Some conjunctions occur in pairs, e.g., neither ... nor, either ... or.
Examples: and, but, or

INTERJECTION - is used for exclamations.

Examples: Oh!, Aha!

NOUN - names an object or action. Common nouns refer to ordinary things. Proper nouns are usually capitalized and refer to persons, specific things or specific places.
Examples: mouse, fire, Michael

PREPOSITION - indicates relationship or relative position of objects.
Examples: in, about, toward

PRONOUN - is used in place of a noun. Personal pronouns are used to refer to persons. Interrogative pronouns introduce questions. Demonstrative pronouns refer to a previously mentioned object or objects. Relative pronouns introduce clauses.
Examples: he, this

VERB - specifies an action or links the subject to a complement. The tense of a verb indicates the time when the action happened, e.g., past, present, of future.
Examples: take, is, go, fire

Basic English Sentence Structures

Declarative Sentences

Declarative Sentences are used to form statements. Declarative sentences consist of a subject and a predicate. The subject may be a simple subject or a compound subject. A simple subject consists of a noun phrase or a nominative personal pronoun. Compound subjects are formed by combining several simple subjects with conjunctions. All the sentences in this paragraph are declarative sentences.

Learn to construct Declarative Sentences:

Click Here for the Declarative Sentence Syntax
Interactive Worksheet.

Examples:
My name is Mary.
  <subject> = "My name"
  <predicate> = "is Mary"

Declarative Sentences are used to form statements.
  <subject> = "Declarative Sentences"
  <predicate> = "are used to form statements"

Example of a Declarative Sentence

Basic English Sentence Structures

The Subject

The subject is the part of the sentence that performs an action or which is associated with the action.

The nominative personal pronouns are: I, you, he, she, it, we, they. The pronoun "you" is used to refer to one (singular) or many persons (plural). "He", "she", and "it" are used to refer to masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns, respectively. English nouns do not have a grammatical gender, but those that represent masculine subjects (king, boy) are referenced with the masculine pronoun "he". Nouns representing feminine subjects (queen, lady) are referenced with the pronoun "she". Inanimate objects are referenced with the pronoun "it".

Nouns
In any of the descriptions of the subject where a noun can be used, the <noun> may be substituted by a noun followed by any number of prepositional phrases:

<noun> = <noun> [<prep phr>*]

In this way we can generate noun phrases such as "Tarzan of the jungle", "the difficult chapter in the book", etc. These constructions might be said to consist of a "noun phrase" and a "prepositional phrase" in a traditional grammar.
Similarly, we may substitute the following for any occurrence of <adjective>:

This enables the formal description to generate noun phrases with adjectives joined by conjunctions, such as "a very beautiful and intelligent lady".
Prepositional phrases consist of a preposition followed by an object. Objects are defined under complements.

Noun Phrases
A "noun phrase" is generally defined as a syntactic unit that includes a noun. The formal definition of a noun phrase given below describes the most common components of a noun phrase.

Note: The articles "a" and "an" require a singular noun.

Examples:
<"the"> <specific proper noun>
the Atlantic Ocean
the Sahara

<proper noun>
John
America
Dr. Allen
State Street

<non-personal pronoun>
someone
anyone
this

<article> [<adverb>* <adjective>] <noun>
a very long bridge
the book
the extremely pretty dress

[<adverb>* <adjective>] <noun-plural>
very yellow flowers
books

<proper noun-possessive> [<adverb>* <adjective>] <noun>
John's very long sentence
Mary's shoes

<personal possessive adjective> [<adverb>* <adjective>] <noun>
his book
my very long hair

<article> <common noun-possessive> [<adverb>* <adjective>] <noun>
a dog's tail
the book's very difficult style

Compound Subjects
Compound subjects consist of simple subjects joined by conjunctions.

<compound subject> =
       <simple subject> ("and" | "or") <simple subject> |
       "Either" <simple subject> "or" <simple subject> |
       "Neither" <simple subject> "nor" <simple subject>

Examples:
<simple subject> ("and" | "or") <simple subject>
Someone and I
Tarzan of the jungle and Dr. Allen

"Either" <simple subject> "or" <simple subject>
Either John or Dr. Allen
Either the lion or my small dog

"neither" <simple subject> "nor" <simple subject>
Neither John nor I

Basic English Sentence Structures

The Predicate

The predicate is the part of the sentence that contains a verb or verb phrase and its complements.

English has three main kinds of verbs: auxiliary verbs, linking verbs, and action verbs.
The verb "to be" is the most frequently used verb in English. Learn to use it correctly! Sometimes the verb "to be" is categorized as an auxiliary verb. The following list of auxiliary verbs excludes "be", "do", and "ought" because they have very different usage from other auxiliary verbs.

The formal description of verbs uses verb forms starting with a "V" followed by an abbreviation with a number and a letter to represent the person and number. For example, "V1s" means Verb 1st person, singular. The abbreviations "Vinf", "Vpast", "Ving", "Vpastp", refer to the infinitive, past tense, present participle, and past participle forms of the verb, respectively.

Verb Conjugation
Action verbs constitute the majority of English verbs. The following table illustrates regular verb conjugation and the corresponding verb forms:

Infinitive (Vinf):		start
Present Participle (Ving):		starting
Past participle (Vpastp):		started

Person,Number		Present	Past (Vpast)
1st,singular	I	(V1s) start	started
2nd,singular	you	(V2s) start	started
3rd,singular	he/she/it	(V3s) starts	started
1st,plural	we	(V1p) start	started
2nd,plural	you	(V2p) start	started
3rd,plural	they	(V3p) start	started

Click here to conjugate over 7,400 regular and irregular English verbs.

Verb Tense

Verb tenses are inflectional forms of verbs or verb phrases that are used to express time distinctions. The following table defines the structure of some common verb tenses. The grammatical term "perfect" expresses an action or state completed at the time of speaking or at a time spoken of. "continuous" or "progressive" indicates an on-going action.

Simple Present	Simple Past	Simple Future
<V1s>\|<V2s>\|<V3s>\| <V1p>\|<V2p>\|<V3p> John studies everyday. They study everyday.	<Vpast> Mary studied yesterday.	"will" <Vinf> ("am"\|"are"\|"is") "going" "to" <Vinf> John will help you tomorrow. Mary is going to help you tomorrow.
Present Continuous (Present progressive)	Past Continuous (Past progressive)	Future Continuous (Future progressive)
("am"\|"are"\|"is") <Ving> John is studying now.	("was"\|"were") <Ving> John was studying yesterday.	"will" "be" <Ving> ("am"\|"are"\|"is") "going" "to" "be" <Vinf> Mary will be studying tomorrow. Mary is going to be studying tomorrow.
Present Perfect	Past Perfect (Pluperfect)	Future Perfect
("have"\|"has") <Vpastp> John has studied for three years.	"had" <Vpastp> She had studied English before coming here.	"will" "have" <Vpastp> By December, she will have studied for three years.
Present Perfect Continuous (Present perfect progressive)	Past Perfect Continuous (Past perfect progressive) (pluperfect progressive)	Future Perfect Continuous (Future perfect progressive)
("have"\|"has") "been" <Ving> She has been studying for three years.	"had" "been" <Ving> Mary had been studying for three days when she got sick.	"will" "have" "been" <Ving> By midnight, John will have been studying for over three hours.

Adverbial Particles

Some verbs acquire a different meaning when they are followed by "adverbial particles". The most common adverbial particles are:
about, across, along, around, behind, by, down, forward, in, off, on, out, over, through, up

Adverbial particles are prepositions that are considered part of the verb. The expression "get up", for instance, means to "rise". It is not a request to "obtain" anything. Many of the verbs associated with adverbial particles are separable. One or more words may appear between the verb and the particle.

Examples:
"I will wake up early tomorrow."
"I will wake him up early tomorrow."

In traditional grammars, verbs that may be separated from their particles by a noun or pronoun are called "phrasal verbs". The word "up" in the example above is considered an adverb, rather than a preposition. Verbs for which the particle must remain by the verb are called "prepositional verbs". The adverbial particles of prepositional verbs may be interpreted either as adverbs or as prepositions which start a prepositional phrase.

Complements of Verbs

The predicate consists of a verb or verb phrase and its complements, if any. A verb that requires no complements is called intransitive. A verb that requires one or two complements is called transitive. A verb may belong to both categories. We may generate the complete sentence "I walk." with no complements. We may also generate "I walk home.", where "home" is a complement of the verb. Further, "I walk my dog home." has two complements: "my dog" and "home". In traditional grammars, these complements are called the "indirect object" (my dog) and the "direct object" (home). In this formal description they are called the <indirect object> and <object>. The complement of a verb or verb phrase is described as being optional and consisting not only of objects, but of adjectives, prepositional phrases, etc. This is the formal description:

<complement> =
       [[<indirect object>] <object>] |
       [<adverb>* <adjective>] |
       [<prep phr>*] |
       ["to" <Vinf> [<object>]] |
       [<Ving>]

The <adverb>* <adjective> option is for linking verbs or linking verb phrases.
The <prep phr>* option is for intransitive or linking verbs. The format of an <indirect object> is the same as an <object>:

Notice that objective personal pronouns are used in objects.

Examples of Sentences with Complements:
[<indirect object>] <object>
I spent the money.
John gave me the little book.

<adverb>* <adjective>
Mary became very angry.

<prep phr>*
John slept until 10:00 AM on Thursday.

"to" <Vinf> [<object>]
John went to pay the rent.
I want to drink water.

<Ving>
John went shopping.

Basic English Sentence Structures

Verbal Phrases

English sentences have generally only one verb, but they may have several verbal phrases. Verbal phrases are constructed from the infinitive, present participle, or past participle and their corresponding complements:

["to" <Vinf> [<complement>]]

[<Ving> [<complement>]]

[<Vpastp> [<complement>]]

Infinitive and present participle verbal phrases may take the place of nouns. Present participle phrases used as nouns are also called gerund phrases. Infinitive verbal phrases are also used as adverbs. Present participle and past participle verbal phrases may act like adjectives. In this case, they are also called participial phrases. Verbal phrases that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence are separated by commas.

Examples:

John agreed to run for president.
To write was his ambition.
The man stopped to rest.
Reading books in the train gives me a headache.
Buildings constructed during the depression are substandard.
Students drinking on campus will be expelled.
Trembling with excitement, Mary waited for her friend.
The house, remodeled recently, is very attractive.

Basic English Sentence Structures

Interrogative Sentences

Interrogative sentences are used to form questions. One form of an interrogative sentence is a declarative sentence followed by a question mark. In verbal communication, the final syllable of the last word of a question is pronounced with a rising pitch or intonation.

Place the cursor over the pictures to hear the difference in intonation of a statement and a question.

<Interrogative Sentence> =
<Declarative Sentence>"?"

Examples:
The computer is not working?
An actor became governor?

"Who" <predicate>"?"

Where the verb of the predicate is in 3rd person form.
Examples:
Who fixed the computer?
Who wants to drink water?

("What" |"Which") [<adverb>* <adjective>] <noun>
<predicate>"?"

Examples:
Which flower is the prettiest?
What bridge goes to Manhattan?

The verb of the predicate must be infinitive (Vinf).
Examples:
Where does John live?
Does John go to Manhattan?

The verb of the predicate must be infinitive (Vinf).
Examples:
Which flower do you like best?
Which didn't Mary take home?

Examples:
What will John take to Manhattan?
When will he return?
Will John be thinking about Mary?
Why will John cry?

Verb in the predicate must be past participle <Vpastp>
Examples:
Why haven't the tulips flowered?
To whom has John sent a letter?
What has Mary told John?
Hasn't John passed the test?

Verb in the predicate must be present participle <Ving> or past participle <Vpastp>
Examples:
Why is Mary cooking noodles?
Which are the best?
Are small airplanes safe?
Was John at Mary's party?

Basic English Sentence Structures

Imperative Sentences

The word "imperative" is derived from the term "emperor". Emperors gave commands, and imperative sentences are commands. Imperative sentences consist of predicates that only contain verbs in infinitive form; verb phrases are not allowed. Imperative sentences are generally terminated with an exclamation mark instead of a period.

Examples:
Spend the money!
Go to your room!
Look in the drawer of the dresser.

Emperor Napoleon
using an Imperative Sentence

Basic English Sentence Structures

Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences are used to describe the consequences of a specific action, or the dependency between events or conditions. Conditional sentences consist of an independent clause and a dependent clause.

Note: When the Independent Clause consists of an Interrogative Sentence, the question mark is placed at the end of the conditional sentence.

Examples:
If the sun is too hot, you will get burned.
You will get burned when the sun is too hot.
If the sun is shining, is Mary happy?
Is Mary happy when the sun is shining?
Mary is happy if the sun is shining.

In the following example, the dependent clause contains a compound sentence:

Example: If the sun is too hot and you don't have an umbrella, you will get burned.

BASIC ENGLISH SENTENCES STRUCTURE

Glossary of English Grammatical Terms

This glossary provides definitions and examples of basic components of English grammar.

Use the navigation links on the left to learn about specific subjects.

Action Verb

Action verbs specify the action performed by the subject.

Examples:

"John ran to the store."
"Mary swims very well."

Adjective
Adjectives modify nouns and have three forms or degrees:

· Positive - new

· Comparative - newer

· Superlative - newest

Adverbial Particle
Adverbial particles are prepositions that are considered part of the verb because they change the meaning of the verb. Some verbs allow one or more words between the verb and the particle.

Example: "Turn off the lights.", "Turn the lights off."

Adverb
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

Example: "Mary walks gracefully". "She is very pretty".

Article
English has three articles:

· the - The "definite" article refers to specific objects.

· a, an - The "indefinite" articles refer to unspecified members of a class. The article "a" is used before a word starting with a consonant sound and "an" is used before a word starting with a vowel sound.

Examples: "the mouse", "a mouse", "an orange mouse",
"an honor" (H is silent), "a horse" (H is aspirated).

Auxiliary Verb
Auxiliary verbs are used with other verbs to express moods or tense. Common auxiliary verbs are:

will, would, may, might, shall, should, can, could, must

Examples: "Mary will sing.", "Mary can sing."

Compound Sentence
Compound sentences consist of two or more simple sentences separated by conjunctions.

<Compound Sentence> = <Simple Sentence> <conjunction> <Simple Sentence> |
"Either" <Declarative Sentence> "or" <Declarative Sentence> |
"Either" <Imperative Sentence> "or" <Imperative Sentence>

Example: "John is already here and Mary is coming soon."

Conditional Sentence
Conditional sentences are used to describe the consequences of a specific action, or the dependency between events or conditions. Conditional sentences consist of an independent clause and a dependent clause.

<Dependent Clause> = ("if" | "when") <Declarative Sentence>
<Independent Clause> = <Declarative Sentence> | <Interrogative Sentence>
<Conditional Sentence> =
<Dependent Clause>"," <Independent Clause> |
<Independent Clause> <Dependent Clause>

Example: "You will be sorry if you don't come soon."

Conjugation
The presentation of the complete set of inflected forms of a verb.

Click here to conjugate over 7,400 regular and irregular English verbs.

Conjunction
Conjunctions are used to connect sentences or part of sentences. Common conjunctions:

and, or, but

Paired conjunctions:

Either ... or,
Neither ... nor

Subordinate conjunctions introduce subordinate clauses.

where, when, while, because, if, unless

Consonants and Vowels
English uses 26 letters: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
AEIOU are vowels.
BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ are consonants.

Declarative Sentence
Declarative Sentences are used to form statements. Declarative sentences consist of a subject and a predicate. The subject may be a simple subject or a compound subject.

<Declarative Sentence> = <subject> <predicate>

Example: "This is a declarative sentence."

Formal Description
A Formal Description is like a mathematical formula that when applied to words produces a correctly formed sentence structure. The expression

<noun phrase> = "the" <specific proper noun>

means that you can create a "noun phrase" by first writing the article "the" and then writing a specific proper noun.

Example: "the Grand Canyon".

Gender
Gender is the classification of nouns and pronouns according to distinctions in sex. There are four genders: Masculine, Feminine, Common, and Neuter. Masculine gender denotes the male sex. Feminine gender denotes the female sex. Common gender denotes either sex. Neuter gender denotes the absence of sex.

Examples:
Masculine: he, father, king
Feminine: she, sister, princess
Common: child, cousin, neighbor
Neuter: it, table, dress

Imperative Sentence
Imperative sentences are used in commands. Imperative sentences consist only of predicates with verbs in infinitive form. The implied subject is "You". Frequently, imperative sentences are terminated with an exclamation point.

Examples:
Come here!
Don't drive outside your lane.

Interjections
Interjections express strong feeling or emotion and have no grammatical relation to any other word in a sentence. Some common interjections are: Oh, Alas, Aha, Bah, Whew.

Examples: "Aha! I found it!".

Interrogative Sentence
Interrogative sentences are used to form questions. Interrogative sentences frequently start with auxiliary verbs, or pronouns and adverbs such as "Who", "What", "Where", "When", and "Why". Interrogative sentences are terminated by a question mark.

Examples:
Where are you?
Will John come for dinner?

Irregular Noun
The plural form of a noun is generally formed by adding an "s" or "es" ending to the singular form. Irregular nouns do not follow this rule.

Examples:
maximum, maxima
child, children

Irregular verb
Irregular verbs do not have a predictable pattern of conjugation.
Compare Verb and the Verb "to be" below.

Linking Verb
Linking verbs associate attributes (adverbs or adjectives) with a subject. Common linking verbs are:

be, look, become

Examples:
"John is smart."
"Mary became angry."
"The patient looked pale."

Modal Auxiliary
See Auxiliary Verb.

Noun

A noun usually denotes a thing, place, person, quality, or action. Common nouns refer to ordinary things (mouse, tree, computer), whereas proper nouns refer to persons, specific things or specific places (John, the Brooklyn Bridge, Texas). Proper nouns are generally capitalized. Nouns have two common forms: singular and plural. Singular nouns refer to one object (book), plural nouns refer to two or more objects (books). Each noun form has a corresponding possessive form that is used to refer to the properties of the object ("the book's pages" means the pages of the book; "the books' pages" means the pages of the books). Nouns also have "gender" which is a classification according to distinctions in sex.

Click here for plurals of regular and irregular English nouns.

Personal Pronoun

Personal pronouns stand in the place of a person's name. In the sentence "John went home.", the word "John" may be replaced with the personal pronoun "he". Personal pronouns have four cases: nominative (subjective), objective, possessive adjectives (genitive), and possessive. Pronouns have also "person" (1st, 2nd, or 3rd), "number" (singular or plural), and "gender" (masculine, feminine, or neuter) attributes.

Personal Pronouns - Nominative (Subjective)
The nominative pronouns are used in the subject of a sentence.

Example: You have a book.

Person,number	Nominative
1st,singular	I
2nd,singular	you
3rd,singular	he, she, it
1st,plural	we
2nd,plural	you
3rd,plural	they

Personal Pronouns - Objective
Objective pronouns are used in the object of a sentence.

Example: Give me the book.

Person,number	Objective
1st,singular	me
2nd,singular	you
3rd,singular	him, her
1st,plural	us
2nd,plural	you
3rd,plural	them

Personal Pronouns - Possessive adjectives (Genitive)
Possessive adjectives are sometimes called attributive possessive pronouns. They generally modify noun phrases.

Example: This is my book.

Person,number	Possessive adjectives
1st,singular	my
2nd,singular	your
3rd,singular	his, her
1st,plural	our
2nd,plural	your
3rd,plural	their

Personal Pronouns - Possessive
Possessive pronouns are nominal in nature and they occur in the object of a sentence.

Example: This book is mine.

Person,number	Possessive pronouns
1st,singular	mine
2nd,singular	yours
3rd,singular	his, hers
1st,plural	ours
2nd,plural	yours
3rd,plural	theirs

Predicate

The predicate is the part of the sentence that contains a verb or verb phrase and its complements. The predicate of the sentence "John cried" is "cried". The predicate of the sentence "Mary will give me a letter." is "will give me a letter".

Click here for detailed information about the Predicate.

Preposition
Prepositions indicate relationships between different parts of the sentence. Common prepositions are:

from, toward, in, about, over, above, under, at, below

Examples:
Clouds are over the earth and below the moon.
John went toward the mountain at 3:00 O'clock.

Pronoun
Pronouns are words used instead of a noun. Demonstrative pronouns are this, that, and such.

Example:
That is pretty.

Pronouns like who and which are interrogative pronouns when they introduce questions.

Example:
Which is pretty?

Pronouns like who and which are called relative pronouns when they introduce clauses.

Example:
The flower, which is on the table, is pretty.

Indefinite pronouns are each, either, some, any, many, few, and all.

Example:
Some are pretty.

Personal pronouns are used to refer to persons.

Subject

The subject is the part of the sentence which performs an action or which is associated with the action. The subject of the sentence "John cried" is the proper noun "John". The subject of the sentence "Lions and tigers growled." is the compound subject "lions and tigers".

Click here for detailed information about the Subject.

Verb
Action verbs constitute the majority of English verbs. They include "sing", "write", "swim", etc. The typical regular verb conjugation is similar to:

Infinitive (Vinf):		start
Present Participle (Ving):		starting
Past participle (Vpastp):		started

Person,Number		Present	Past (Vpast)
1st,singular	I	(V1s) start	started
2nd,singular	you	(V2s) start	started
3rd,singular	he/she/it	(V3s) starts	started
1st,plural	we	(V1p) start	started
2nd,plural	you	(V2p) start	started
3rd,plural	they	(V3p) start	started

Click here to conjugate over 7,400 regular and irregular English verbs.

Verb Phrase

Verb Phrases are sequences of auxiliary and action verbs that may show tense, mood, aspect, and voice. The future tense, for example, is constructed by placing "will" before an infinitive form of a verb as in "She will study tomorrow". Aspect refers to the manner in which the verb action is experienced. An example of present perfect aspect is "John has lived in Paris".

Click here for detailed information about Verb Phrases.

Verb Tense

Verb tense is an inflectional form of a simple verb or verb phrase expressing a specific time distinction. For details, see the description of Predicate.

The Verb "To Be"
The verb "to be" is the most irregular verb in English. It is conjugated as follows:

Infinitive:		be
Present Participle:		being
Past participle:		been

Person,Number		Present	Past
1st,singular	I	am	was
2nd,singular	you	are	were
3rd,singular	he/she/it	is	was
1st,plural	we	are	were
2nd,plural	you	are	were
3rd,plural	they	are	were

The form "ain't" is considered substandard; do not use it. Use "isn't", "aren't", "am not", or another appropriate form instead.

Click here for more details about the verb "To Be".

Vowels

English has five vowels: AEIOU. The consonants W and Y are sometimes called semivowels because they can act as vowels in certain words. Vowels are sometimes categorized as short and long. A short vowel has generally a single tone, e.g., the A in "cat", whereas a long vowel usually has a diphthong sound, e.g., the A in "cake". Although English orthography is very irregular, many words double a consonant or use consecutive consonants after a vowel to indicate that the vowel is short. For example "boss" or "Boston" have short Os, and "rack" has a short A. The long vowel is normally indicated by following the vowel with a single consonant and another vowel, e.g., the A in "raking", or by using a terminal E which is called a "silent E". The A in "rake" and the O in "tone" are examples of long vowels.
See also consonant.

Results for "love":
(Verb)

Infinitive	love
Past	loved
Present Participle	loving
Past Participle	loved
Present:
I	love
You	love
He, She, It	loves
We	love
You	love
They	love

(Noun)

Singular	love
Plural	loves
Singular Possessive	love's
Plural Possessive	loves'

Results for "drive":
(Verb)

Infinitive	drive
Past	drove
Present Participle	driving
Past Participle	driven
Present:
I	drive
You	drive
He, She, It	drives
We	drive
You	drive
They	drive

(Uninflected adjective)
drive

(Noun)

Singular	drive
Plural	drives
Singular Possessive	drive's
Plural Possessive	drives'

Results for "want":
(Verb)

Infinitive	want
Past	wanted
Present Participle	wanting
Past Participle	wanted
Present:
I	want
You	want
He, She, It	wants
We	want
You	want
They	want

(Noun)

Singular	want
Plural	wants
Singular Possessive	want's
Plural Possessive	wants'

(Noun)

Singular	want
Plural	-
Singular Possessive	want's
Plural Possessive	-

English Conjugation of the Verb "to be"

Grammatical conjugation of a verb requires making a systematic list of all forms of the verb for each person, number, and tense. The verb "to be" is the most irregular verb in English. The verb to be is conjugated as follows:

Infinitive:	be
Present Participle:	being
Past participle:	been

Person,Number		Present	Past
1st,singular	I	am	was
2nd,singular	you	are	were
3rd,singular	he/she/it	is	was
1st,plural	we	are	were
2nd,plural	you	are	were
3rd,plural	they	are	were

To be, or not to be
- Hamlet

BE as a Linking Verb
The verb "to be" is classified as a linking verb because it shows the condition or existence of the subject. For example:

John is angry.
The students are in the auditorium.
A chair is a piece of furniture.
The money was here yesterday.

The Future Tense
The future is constructed by using "will" plus the infinitive "be". For example:

John will be angry.
The students will be in the auditorium.

BE as an Auxiliary Verb
The verb "to be" is also used in verb phrases as an auxiliary verb. The present progressive is formed by using "am being", "is being", or "are being" plus the past participle of a verb. For example:

The floor is being repaired.

The past progressive is formed by using "was being" or "were being" plus the past participle of a verb. For example:

The suspect was being questioned by the police.

Additional verb tenses with the verb "to be" can be found in the description of the predicate.

Contractions of the verb "to be"
The verb "to be" is often contracted in the present tense when it occurs after pronouns and nouns. The contraction for the third person may be confused with a possessive. For example, the sentence "The boat's sinking" means "The boat is sinking" and the contraction "'s" is part of the verb phrase "is sinking". However, in a sentence such as "The boat's sinking was a tragedy", the word "boat's" is a possessive form and not a contraction. In this case, "sinking" is a gerund (a present participle verb form used as a noun) and not part of a verb phrase. The contraction "it's" is frequently confused with the possessive pronoun "its".

Contraction	Meaning
I'm	I am
you're	you are
he's, she's, it's	he is, she is, it is
we're	we are
they're	they are

Negative contractions are formed by appending "n't" to the present and past forms of the verb "to be", as illustrated here:

Contraction	Meaning
isn't	is not
aren't	are not
wasn't	was not
weren't	were not

The word "ain't"
"Ain't" was originally derived from the negative contraction of "am not", but in the 19th century it began being used indiscriminately for "is not" and "are not" disregarding person agreement. This misuse associated a stigma with the word "ain't" so that now it is considered substandard or slang. "Ain't" is generally used by people who are illiterate, ignorant, and uneducated. It is not unusual to hear "you ain't", "they ain't", "he ain't", etc., but it is considered wrong, wrong, wrong! If you want to succeed in life, don't use the word "ain't".

William Shakespeare - To be, or not to be (from Hamlet 3/1)

To be, or not to be: that is the question:

Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer

The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,

Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,

And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;

No more; and by a sleep to say we end

The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks

That flesh is heir to, 'tis a consummation

Devoutly to be wish'd. To die, to sleep;

To sleep: perchance to dream: ay, there's the rub;

For in that sleep of death what dreams may come

When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,

Must give us pause: there's the respect

That makes calamity of so long life;

For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,

The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely,

The pangs of despised love, the law's delay,

The insolence of office and the spurns

That patient merit of the unworthy takes,

When he himself might his quietus make

With a bare bodkin? who would fardels bear,

To grunt and sweat under a weary life,

But that the dread of something after death,

The undiscover'd country from whose bourn

No traveller returns, puzzles the will

And makes us rather bear those ills we have

Than fly to others that we know not of?

Thus conscience does make cowards of us all;

And thus the native hue of resolution

Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,

And enterprises of great pith and moment

With this regard their currents turn awry,

And lose the name of action. - Soft you now!

The fair Ophelia! Nymph, in thy orisons

Be all my sins remember'd.

Conjugation of English Regular Verbs

Regular verbs in English are conjugated using the infinitive for all forms, except that the past and past participle end in "ed", the present participle ends in "ing", and the third person singular ends in "s". Although these appear to be very simple rules, the morphology of regular English verbs is affected by phonetic and orthographic constraints that make it necessary to follow several slightly different patterns for adding the endings to the verb stem. Here are some of the most common patterns.

Verbs ending in a long vowel or diphthong followed by a consonant, such as paint, claim, devour, or play.
Or ending in a consonant cluster such as delight, or clamp.
Add "ed" to the infinitive form to create the past and past participle, add "ing" to create the present participle, and add "s" to create the 3rd person present.

Conjugation for "play":

Infinitive	play
Past	played
Present Participle	playing
Past Participle	played
Present:
I	play
You	play
He, She, It	plays
We	play
You	play
They	play

Verbs ending in a short vowel followed by a consonant such as chat, chop, or compel.
Double the final consonant and add "ed" to the infinitive form to create the past and past participle, Double the final consonant and add "ing" to create the present participle, and add "s" to create the 3rd person present.

Conjugation for "chop":

Infinitive	chop
Past	chopped
Present Participle	chopping
Past Participle	chopped
Present:
I	chop
You	chop
He, She, It	chops
We	chop
You	chop
They	chop

Verbs ending in a consonant followed by "e" such as dance, save, devote, or evolve.
Add "d" to the infinitive form to create the past and past participle, replace the final "e" with "ing" to create the present participle, and add "s" to create the 3rd person present.

Conjugation for "devote":

Infinitive	devote
Past	devoted
Present Participle	devoting
Past Participle	devoted
Present:
I	devote
You	devote
He, She, It	devotes
We	devote
You	devote
They	devote

Verbs ending in sibilants such as kiss, bless, box, polish, or preach.
Add "ed" to the infinitive form to create the past and past participle, add "ing" to create the present participle, and add "es" to create the 3rd person present.

Conjugation for "polish":

Infinitive	polish
Past	polished
Present Participle	polishing
Past Participle	polished
Present:
I	polish
You	polish
He, She, It	polishes
We	polish
You	polish
They	polish

Verbs ending in a consonant followed by "y" such as comply, copy, or magnify.
Replace the final "y" of the infinitive with "ied" to create the past and past participle, add "ing" to create the present participle, and replace the final "y" with "ies" to create the 3rd person present.

Conjugation for "copy":

Infinitive	copy
Past	copied
Present Participle	copying
Past Participle	copied
Present:
I	copy
You	copy
He, She, It	copies
We	copy
You	copy
They	copy

Kata Benda: Kata Sandang, Bentuk Jamak dan Atribut Kepemilikan

Belajar Bahasa Inggris May 10th, 2009 by EF | 15,308 views

Hal yang perlu diingat saat menggunakan kata benda (nouns) dalam bahasa inggris adalah kata sandang mana yang harus digunakan, bagaimana bentuk jamak dari kata benda tersebut, dan bagaimana menambahkan atribut kepemilikan pada kata benda tersebut.
KATA SANDANG (ARTICLES)
Kata sandang tertentu/langsung – the
Contoh: the car
Kata sandang tak tertentu/tidak langsung – a / an
a – digunakan jika kata sandang tersebut diikuti oleh kata yang dilafalkan dengan bunyi konsonan.
Contoh: a house, a university
an – digunakan jika kata sandang tersebut diikuti oleh kata yang dilafalkan dengan bunyi vocal.
Contoh: an eagle, an hour
BENTUK JAMAK (PLURAL)
Aturan umum: bentuk tunggal + s
Contoh: a car – two cars
Bila kata benda tersebut diakhiri dengan huruf s, ch, x atau z, maka bentuk jamaknya dibuat dengan menambahkan es.
Contoh: a bus – two busses; a church – two churches; a box – two boxes; a topaz – two topazes
Bila kata benda tersebut diakhiri dengan huruf konsonan + y, maka bentuk jamaknya dibuat dengan menambahkan ies.
Contoh: a city – two cities
Tapi, bila kata benda tersebut diakhiri dengan huruf hidup + y, bentuk jamak dibuat hanya dengan menambahkan huruf s saja.
Contoh: a boy – two boys
Bila kata benda tersebut diakhiri dengan huruf o, maka bentuk jamaknya dibuat dengan menambahkan es. Tapi aturan ini tidak berlaku untuk kata benda yang berhubungan dengan perangkat elektronik dan musik seperti radio, video dan disco.
Contoh: a tomato – two tomatoes; a video – two videos
BENTUK KEPEMILIKAN (POSSESSIVE CASE)
Bentuk kepemilikan dari suatu kata benda dapat dibuat dengan dua cara:
Pertama adalah dengan menambahkan ‘s setelah kata benda tersebut. Ini biasanya digunakan untuk orang atau benda hidup.
Contoh: Molly’s brother
Atau kedua, dengan menambahkan of sebelum kata benda tersebut. Ini biasanya digunakan untuk benda mati atau benda yang tidak bergerak.
Contoh: the name of the school
Bila membuat bentuk kepemilikan untuk benda mati yang masih memiliki hubungan dengan orang, penambahan ‘s lebih sering digunakan dibandingkan dengan penambahan of.
Contoh: Indonesia’s economy atau the economy of Indonesia
Bila membuat bentuk kepemilikan untuk waktu, penambahan ‘s selalu digunakan.
Contoh: one week’s holiday
Tulisan ini merupakan kontribusi dari Kursus Bahasa Inggris EF. EF English First adalah sekolah bahasa Inggris swasta terbesar di dunia dan Indonesia.

Kata Kerja dan Bentuk-bentuk Kalimat

In Bahasa Inggris on August 26, 2009 at 1:05 pm

Kata kerja adalah kata yang menunjukkan atas terjadinya suatu pekerjaan, baik pada masa lalu, sekarang (kebiasaan) maupun masa yang akan datang. Dengan kata lain, kata kerja selalu berhubungan dengan bentuk-bentuk waktu.
Sebelum mengetahui bentuk waktu di dalam kalimat, terlebih dahulu kita ketahui bahwa di dalam bahasa Inggris, kata kerja dari segi bentuknya terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu kata kerja beraturan (regular verb) dengan menambahkan ed pada bentuk II dan ke III. Dan kata kerja tidak beraturan (irregular verb) yang harus dihafalkan karena tidak menambahkan ed pada bentuk ke II dan III. Contoh :

K.K. Beraturan (regular verb)			K.K.Tidak Beraturan (irregular verb)
I	II	III	I	II	III
Ask Open Close	Asked Opened Closed	Asked Opened Closed	Take Eat Go	Took Ate Went	Taken Eaten Gone

1. Bentuk-bentuk Kalimat (tenses)

Bentuk-bentuk kalimat yang utama dan sering digunakan dalam dialog sehari-hari dan inti dari penggunaan jenis-jenis kata kerja yang harus dikuasai dengan baik yaitu, Simple Present Tense, Simple past tense, Simple future tense, Perfect tense dan Continous tense.

a. Simple present tense

Kalimat ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan atas suatu pekerjaan yang biasa dilakukan secara teratur dan biasanya diungkapkan dengan kata-kata keterangan waktu sebagai berikut :
Always                           [‘olweiz]                      = Selalu
Almost                           [ol’mowst]                  = Hampir
Often                             [‘oftən]                        = Sering
Sometimes                     [‘sΛmtaimz]               = Kadang-kadang
Every morning             [‘evərie morning]       = Setiap pagi
On Friday                     [on ‘fraidie]                 = Pada hari Jumat
Every year                     [‘evərie yir]                 = Setiap tahun
Rumus sederhana kalimat ini adalah: Subyek + Kata kerja I + Obyek/Keterangan. Contoh :
I eat banana = Saya makan pisang
S +          KK.I    +          O
We go to school = Kami pergi ke sekolah
S +          KK.I    +          Ket
Jika subyeknya adalah kata ganti orang ketiga (He, She dan It) maka kata kerja bentuk I harus ditambahkan s atau es pada akhir kata. Penambahan es apabila kata kerja berakhiran o, ch, sh, ss, x dan y (yang didahului huruf consonant). Contoh :
Andy eats banana
S +                      KK.I+s +     O
Susi goes to school
S +                      KK.I+es +     Ket

b. Simple past tense

Kalimat ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu pekerjaan yang terjadi di masa lalu dan biasanya diungkapkan dengan menambahkan kata-kata keterangan waktu sebagai berikut :
Yesterday                                  [‘yestərdei]                  = Kemarin
The day before yesterday        [tHə dei bi’fowr]           = Kemarin dulu
Just now                         [jΛst naw]                   = Baru saja
Last (week/month)                   [læst/wiek/mΛnth]     = (Minggu/bulan) lalu
(days/months/years) ago         [dei/yir-a’gow]           = (hari/bulan/tahun) lalu
Rumus sederhananya adalah: Subyek + KK.II + Obyek/Keterangan. Contoh :
We ate banana = Kami telah memakan pisang
S             +          KK.II +          O
Susi went to school = Susi telah pergi ke sekolah
S             +          KK.II +          Ket
Pada kata kerja bentuk ke II dan III tidak menambahkan s atau es meskipun subyeknya adalah orang ketiga.

c. Simple future tense

Kalimat ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan atas suatu pekerjaan yang akan dilakukan (masa yang akan datang) dengan menambahkan kata keterangan waktu yaitu :
Tomorrow                                 [tə’marow]                  = Besok
The day after tomorrow           [tHe dei ‘æftər..]          = Lusa
Next (week/month)                  [nekst…]                     = (Minggu/bulan) depan
Rumus sederhananya adalah : Subyek + will/shall + KK.I + Obyek/Keterangan. Contoh :
I will eat banana = saya akan makan pisang
S   +        will/shall +   KK.I +O
We shall go to school = Kami akan pergi ke sekolah
S   +        will/shall   + KK.I + Keterangan
Will dan Shall berarti akan. Will dapat digunakan untuk semua kata ganti orang sedangkan shall hanya dapat digunakan untuk I dan We saja.

d. Present perfect tense

Kalimat ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan atas perbuatan yang sudah dilakukan baik dahulu maupun hingga kini. Dan biasanya dibubuhi kata-kata:
Already                       [ol’redie]                     : Sudah
Almost                        [ol’mowst]                  : Hampir
For …                         [for]                             : Selama ….
Since                           [sins]                           : Sejak
Often                          [‘oftən]                        : Sering
Rumus sederhananya adalah : Subyek + Have/Has + K.K.III + Obyek/Ket. Contoh:
I have eaten banana              = Saya telah/sudah makan pisang
He has gone to school           = Dia telah/sudah pergi ke sekolah
Have digunakan untuk I, You, We dan They. Sedangkan Has digunakan untuk orang ketiga yaitu He, She dan It.

e. Present continous tense

Kalimat ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang sedang dilakukan atau atas pekerjaan yang sementara terjadi dan berlangsung. Sehingga pada kalimat ini mengandung arti sedang.
Rumus sederhananya adalah : Subyek + TO BE + K.K.I-ing + Obyek/Ket. Contoh :
I am eating banana               = Saya sedang makan pisang
She is going to school            = Dia sedang pergi ke sekolah
Is she going to school?           = Apakah dia sedang pergi ke sekolah?

2. Kata Kerja khusus

Kata kerja khusus adalah kata kerja yang tidak membutuhkan imbuhan/akhiran s atau es untuk he, she dan it. Kata kerja khusus tersebut yaitu :
Can                            [kæn]                          = Dapat
May                           [mei]                           = Boleh
Must                          [mΛst]                         = Harus
Will                            [wil]                             = Akan
Could                        [kud]                           = Dapat
Should                       [syud]                         = Seharusnya
Have                          [hæv]                          = Mempunyai
Need                          [nied]                          = Perlu
Dare                          [dær]                           = Berani
Setelah kata kerja khusus, tidak dibenarkan untuk menggunakan to dan tidak diperbolehkan menggunakan dua kata kerja khusus secara berdekatan atau dengan menggabungkannya. Contoh :
I will go                     bukan I will to go
He will go                 bukan He will can go
Apabila dalam suatu kalimat pernyataan yang menggunakan salah satu kata kerja khusus ini dan akan diubah menjadi kalimat Tanya, maka hanya dengan memindahkan keta kerja khusus tersebut ke depan kalimat. Dan menambahkan not setelah kata kerja khusus untuk kalimat sangkal. Contoh :
We can do it                                    = Kita dapat melakukannya
Can we do it                         = Apakah kita dapat melakukannya
We cannot do it                                = Kita tidak dapat melakukannya
We can’t do it                                   = Kita tidak dapat melakukannya

3. Do, Does dan Did

Kata Do selain berarti mengerjakan/melakukan, juga berfungsi sebagai penegas dan memperkuat (tawkiid) suatu kalimat. Contoh :
I do my homework             = Saya mengerjakan PR-ku
I love you                              = Aku mencintaimu
I do love You                        = Aku benar-benar sangat mencintaimu
Disamping itu,Do, Does dan Did juga berfungsi sebagai kata bantu, khusus pada kata kerja (verb) dalam bentuk kalimat sangkal (-) dan kalimat tanya (?). Does digunakan bagi kata ganti orang ketiga yaitu He, She dan It, sedangkan Do digunakan bagi kata ganti orang selain orang ketiga yaitu I, You, We dan They yang menunjukkan atas terjadinya kejadian pada waktu sekarang dan Did adalah bentuk lampau dari Do dan Does. Contoh :
I do not / don’t know about it          = Saya tidak mengetahuinya
She does not / doesn’t come             = Dia tidak datang
I did not / didn’t know                     = Saya tidak tau
Jika ingin mengubah kalimat di atas menjadi kalimat Tanya atau kalimat Tanya yang mengandung sangkalan yaitu dengan meletakkan kata bantu tersebut di awal kalimat. contoh :
Do I know about it?             = Apakah saya tahu hal itu?
Does she come?                                 = Apakah dia datang?
Don’t I know about it                      = Bukankan saya tahu hal itu?
Doesn’t she come                              = Bukankah dia akan datang?
Don’t they go to school                    = Bukankah mereka pergi ke sekolah?

4. Kalimat Pasif

Kalimat pasif yaitu kalimat yang menunjukkan atas keadaan subyek yang pasif. Penggunaan kalimat pasif ini disebabkan karena belum diketahui subyeknya atau sengaja menyembunyikannya ataupun takut untuk menyebutkan subyeknya. Arti yang terkandung di dalam kalimat pasif selalu berawalan ber-, ter-, dan di-. Bentuknya yaitu dengan menggunakan TO BE + Verb III (past participle). Contoh :
My cheek is/was cut                                    = Pipi saya terluka
The situation is/was changed          = Situasi telah berubah
The balls are/were thrown                = Bola-bola itu dibuang/dilemparkan
My money is/was stolen                  = Uang saya dicuri
She is/was fallen                               = Dia terjatuh

5. Ekor pertanyaan (Question tag)

Ekor pertanyaan atau Question tag adalah kata Tanya yang terletak di akhir suatu kalimat dan dapat berarti kan? Atau bukan? Contoh dalam bahasa Indonesia, “Dia cantik kan?” Dan “dia cantik bukan?”.
Apabila kalimat pertama positif (+) maka ekor pertanyaannya harus negative (-) dan sebaliknya dengan memperhatikan setiap kata bantu yang terletak padanya baik dari TO BE ataupun TO DO. Bentuk negative dari is not, are not, do not, does not, did not, selalu disingkat menjadi isn’t, aren’t, don’t, doesn’t, didn’t. Contoh :
You are Tedy, Aren’t you?                      = Kamu tedi, bukan?
She is not lazy, is she?                            = Dia tidak malas, kan?
You study English now, don’t you?       = Kamu belajar bahasa Inggris sekarang, bukan?
She doesn’t came , does she?                   = Dia tidak datang, kan?
You wrote a leter, didn’t you?                = Kamu telah menulis surat, bukan?

6. Kependekan (contraction)

Masalah yang kadang membingungkan pada saat membaca atau mendengarkan dialog adalah gabungan dari dua kata yang dipendekkan atau disingkat yang sulit dicerna oleh pendengaran, yaitu :
I’ll                          [ail]                              I will                = Saya akan
You’ll                    [yueul]                        You will          = Kamu akan
We’ll                     [wil]                             We will           = Kita akan
They’ll                   [dæeul]                       They will         = mereka akan
He’ll                      [hi:l]                            He will            = Dia (lk) akan
She’ll                     [syi:l]                           She will           = Dia (pr) akan
It’ll             [itl]                              It will               = Ia akan
I’m                                    [æm]                           I am                = Saya (adalah)
You’re                   [yueu]                         You are           = Kamu (adalah)
We’re                    [wieu]                          We are            = Kami (adalah
He’s                       [hi:z]                           He is                = Dia (adalah)
She’s                     [syi:z]                          She is              = Dia (adalah)
I’ve                        [aæv]                           I Have             = Saya mempunyai
You’ve                  [yuev]                         You have        = Kamu mempunyai
Don’t                     [deunt]                        Do not             = Tidak/bukan
Doesn’t                 [dasnt]                        Does not         = Tidak
Didn’t                   [didn’t]                        Did not           = Tidak/bukan
Isn’t                       [iznt]                           Is not               = Tidak/bukan
Aren’t                    [a:rnt]                          Are not            = Tidak/bukan
I’d                          [aid]                            I had/ I would= saya sebaiknya
Can’t                     [kænt]                         Can not           = Tidak dapat
Wouldn’t              [wudnt]                       Would not      = Seharusnya tidak
Mustn’t                 [masent]                     Must not         = Tidak harus
Couldn’t               [kudnt]                       Could not       = Tidak dapat

7. Two words verb

Di dalam bahasa Inggris terdapat beberapa kata kerja yang terdiri dari dua suku kata, dengan kata lain jika kata kerja tersebut dipisahkan dari kata tersebut maka akan mengalami perubahan pada arti. Two words Verb kadang juga disebut dengan Separated and Unseparated Verbs dimana letak antara kedua kata tersebut dapat dipisahkan dan tidak dapat dipisahkan. Contoh :
He called it off = Dia membatalkannya
He put his traveling off = Dia menunda keberangkatannya
I will take it up = Saya akan mempelajarinya
You can tried it up = Kamu dapat mencobanya
They talked it over = Mereka mendiskusikannya
I run into him = Saya menemuinya
We look for him = Kami mencarinya

8. Bentuk ing (-ing form)

Perhatikanlah beberapa arti dan bentuk penggunaan –ing pada contoh-contoh di bawah ini :

Berarti sedang. Contoh :

I’m sitting = Saya sedang duduk

Terletak setelah kata mind. Contoh :

Would you mind shutting the door= Sudikah anda menutup pintu

Sebagai benda. Contoh :

Swimming is my hobby                   = Renang adalah hobiku
Spelling = Ejaan
Walking stick                                     = Tongkat untuk berjalan
Meeting = Pertemuan, Rapat
Dining room                                      = Ruang makan

Setelah kata depan before, after, for, without, in, at, on, by, dan of.

After coming….                                 = Setalah datang ….
Before going…                                   = Sebelum pergi…
For giving…                                       = Untuk memberikan ….
Without knowing…                          = Tanpa mengetahui….

9. Penggunaan If

If dapat berarti jika dalam kalimat pengandaian dengan menggunakan tambahan kata were untuk semua subjek. Contoh :
If I were a rich man, I would buy a plane
Jika saya orang yang kaya, saya akan membeli pesawat
If she were here, I would kiss her
Jika ia ada di sini, saya akan menciumnya
If I have time, I’ll go there
Jika saya mempunyai waktu, saya akan pergi ke sana
If I had time, I would go there
Jika saya mempunyai waktu, saya akan pergi ke sana
10. Either … or… dan Neither… nor…
Perhatikanlah contoh-contoh di bawah ini :
I like either mango or banana            = Saya suka mangga maupun pisang
I like neither mango nor banana       = Saya tidak suka mangga maupun pisang
Which one would you like                 = Yang mana yang kamu suka
Either one is fine                                  = Yang mana saja boleh
He isn’t a student either = Dia juga bukan seorang pelajar
11. Jam (Time)
Dalam bahasa Inggris tidak digunakan pukul 13 – 24. Sebagai penggantinya digunakan a.m (ante meridiem) antara pukul 01:00 – 12:00. Sedangkan p.m (post meridiem) digunakan antara pukul 13:00 – 00:59.
Past digunakan apabila jarum panjang berada di antara angka 12 hingga 6. To digunakan apabila jarum panjang berada di antara angka 6 hingga 12. Half digunakan apabila jarum panjang berada pada angka 6. A Quarter digunakan untuk menggantikan 15 menit. Contoh :
01:00                       One o’clock (sharp)               = jam 01:00 (tepat)
12:10                       Ten (minutes) past twelve     = jam 12:10
11:15                       A quarter past eleven            = Jam 11:15
01:30                       Half past one                          = Jam 01:30
04:30                       Half past four = Jam 04:30
08:35                       Twenty five to nine                = Kurang 25 jam 9
06:45                       A quarter to seven                 = Kurang 15 jam 7

"C" Community 2009_STKIP GARUT

Selasa, 16 November 2010

BASIC ENGLISH FOR BEGINNER, INTERMEDIATE, ADVANCE IF YOU WANT IT

Basic English Sentence Structures: Parts of speech

Basic English Sentence Structures

Verb Tense

Adverbial Particles

Complements of Verbs

Kata Benda: Kata Sandang, Bentuk Jamak dan Atribut Kepemilikan

Kata Kerja dan Bentuk-bentuk Kalimat

Tidak ada komentar:

Posting Komentar

Total Tayangan Halaman

force 2009 C class